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To Say a Lie Over and Over Again

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Gross baloney of the truth

The big lie (German: große Lüge) is a gross distortion or misrepresentation of the truth, used especially as a propaganda technique.[1] [2] The German language expression was coined by Adolf Hitler, when he dictated his 1925 book Mein Kampf, to describe the utilise of a lie so jumbo that no ane would believe that someone "could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously." Hitler claimed that the technique had been used by Jews to blame Germany's loss in Globe War I on German general Erich Ludendorff, who was a prominent nationalist politico in the Weimar Republic.

Co-ordinate to historian Jeffrey Herf, the Nazis used the idea of the original big lie to turn sentiment confronting Jews and justify the Holocaust. Herf maintains that Joseph Goebbels and the Nazi Party actually used the large lie technique that they described – and that they used it to turn long-continuing antisemitism in Europe into mass murder. Herf farther argues that the Nazis' large lie was their depiction of Germany as an innocent, besieged country hit back at "international Jewry", which the Nazis blamed for starting World War I. Nazi propaganda repeatedly claimed that Jews held power backside the scenes in Britain, Russia, and the United States. It farther spread claims that the Jews had begun a war of extermination against Federal republic of germany, and used these to assert that Germany had a correct to annihilate the Jews in cocky-defense.

In the 21st century, the term has been applied to attempts to overturn the issue of the 2020 U.S. presidential election past Donald Trump and his allies, specifically the false claim that the election was stolen through massive voter and electoral fraud. The calibration of the claims resulted in Trump supporters attacking the U.Due south. Capitol.[3] [four]

Scholars say that constant repetition in many unlike media is necessary for the success of the big lie technique, as is a psychological motivation for the audience to believe the extreme assertions.

Utilise on behalf of Nazi Frg

Hitler's description

The source of the big lie technique is this passage, taken from Affiliate 10 of James Murphy's translation of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf. (The quote is i paragraph in Murphy's translation and in the High german original.)

Simply it remained for the Jews, with their unqualified capacity for falsehood, and their fighting comrades, the Marxists, to impute responsibility for the downfall precisely to the man who alone had shown a superhuman will and free energy in his effort to prevent the catastrophe which he had foreseen and to save the nation from that hour of complete overthrow and shame. By placing responsibility for the loss of the globe war on the shoulders of Ludendorff they took abroad the weapon of moral right from the only adversary dangerous enough to be likely to succeed in bringing the betrayers of the Fatherland to Justice.

All this was inspired by the principle – which is quite true within itself – that in the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the wide masses of a nation are e'er more easily corrupted in the deeper strata of their emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily; and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds they more readily autumn victims to the big lie than the small prevarication, since they themselves often tell small lies in little matters but would be ashamed to resort to large-scale falsehoods.

It would never come up into their heads to fabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believe others could take the impudence to distort the truth and then infamously. Fifty-fifty though the facts which prove this to be so may exist brought conspicuously to their minds, they will still doubt and waver and will go on to call back at that place may be some other caption. For the grossly impudent prevarication ever leaves traces behind it, fifty-fifty afterwards it has been nailed down, a fact which is known to all skilful liars in this world and to all who conspire together in the art of lying.

—Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, vol. I, ch. X[5]

In 1943, The New York Times contributor Edwin James asserted that Hitler's biggest lie was his revisionist claim that Federal republic of germany was not defeated in war in 1918, just rather was betrayed by internal groups.[6] This stab-in-the-back myth was spread by right-fly groups, including the Nazis.[7]

In enacting the Holocaust

According to historian Jeffrey Herf, the Nazis used the idea of the original big prevarication to turn sentiment against Jews and justify the Holocaust. Herf maintains that Joseph Goebbels and the Nazi Party actually used the big lie technique that they described – and that they used information technology to plow long-standing antisemitism in Europe into mass murder.[8] Herf further argues that the Nazis' big prevarication was their depiction of Frg as an innocent, besieged land striking dorsum at international Jewry, which the Nazis blamed for starting Globe State of war I. Nazi propaganda repeatedly claimed that Jews held power backside the scenes in Britain, Russia, and the United states. Information technology further spread claims that the Jews had begun a state of war of extermination against Germany, and used these to assert that Federal republic of germany had a right to annihilate the Jews in cocky-defense.[9]

The Cold State of war historian Zachary Jonathan Jacobson describes its use:[ten]

Adolf Hitler starting time defined the Big Prevarication as a deviant tool wielded by Viennese Jews to discredit the Germans' actions in World War I. Withal, in tragically ironic way, it was Hitler and his Nazi regime that really employed the mendacious strategy. In an effort to rewrite history and blame European Jews for Deutschland's defeat in World War I, Hitler and his propaganda minister accused them of profiting from the state of war, consorting with foreign powers and "war shirking" (avoiding conscription). Jews, Hitler contended, were the weak underbelly of the Weimer country that exposed the loyal and true German language population to catastrophic plummet. To sell this narrative, Joseph Goebbels insisted "all effective propaganda must exist limited to a very few points and must harp on these in slogans until the last fellow member of the public understands."

In brusque, Nazi fascism hinged on creating one streamlined, overarching lie... the Nazis congenital an ideology on a fiction, the notion that Frg's defeat in World War I could be avenged (and reversed) by purging the German population of those purportedly responsible: the Jews.

Goebbels's description

Joseph Goebbels also put along a theory which has come up to exist unremarkably associated with the expression "big lie". Goebbels wrote the following paragraph in an commodity dated 12 January 1941, xvi years after Hitler first used the phrase. The article, titled "Aus Churchills Lügenfabrik" (English: "From Churchill's Lie Manufactory") was published in Die Zeit ohne Beispiel.

The essential English leadership secret does not depend on particular intelligence. Rather, it depends on a remarkably stupid thick-headedness. The English follow the principle that when one lies, one should lie big, and stick to it. They keep up their lies, even at the risk of looking ridiculous.[11]

Declared quotation

The following supposed quotation of Joseph Goebbels has been repeated in numerous books and manufactures and on thousands of web pages, yet none of them has cited a principal source. Co-ordinate to the research and reasoning of Randall Bytwerk, it is an unlikely matter for Goebbels to have said.[12]

If y'all tell a lie large enough and go along repeating information technology, people volition somewhen come to believe information technology. The lie tin can be maintained simply for such fourth dimension equally the State can shield the people from the political, economic and/or military consequences of the lie. It thus becomes vitally important for the Land to utilise all of its powers to repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension, the truth is the greatest enemy of the State.

U.Southward. psychological profile of Hitler

The phrase "big lie" was used in a report prepared effectually 1943[13] by Walter C. Langer for the The states Office of Strategic Services in describing Hitler's psychological profile. The written report was later published in book form as The Heed of Adolf Hitler in 1972. Langer stated of the dictator:

His main rules were: never allow the public to cool off; never admit a fault or wrong; never concede that in that location may be some practiced in your enemy; never leave room for alternatives; never accept blame; concentrate on one enemy at a time and blame him for everything that goes wrong; people will believe a big prevarication sooner than a little ane; and if you repeat information technology oft enough people will sooner or later believe information technology.[14]

A somewhat like quote appears in the 1943 Assay of the Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Hereafter Behaviour and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and Subsequently Germany'southward Surrender, by Henry A. Murray:

... never to acknowledge a fault or wrong; never to accept arraign; concentrate on 1 enemy at a fourth dimension; blame that enemy for everything that goes incorrect; take advantage of every opportunity to raise a political whirlwind.[15]

Use in the U.s.

Cold War era

Some U.S. Government officials believed that the technique connected to be employed by antisemitic conspiracy theorists in the decades subsequently World State of war Ii. In their 1964 report on a fabricated antisemitic text commencement published in Russia in 1903, the members of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee stated their belief that "peddlers" of the debunked pamphlet made use of "the Hitler technique of the 'big lie'" not only every bit a means of promoting antisemitic canards, but also to exploit American fears of Communist influence.[16]

Trump's false claim of a stolen election

According to CNN fact checker Daniel Dale, every bit of June 9, 2021, old president Donald Trump had issued 132 written statements since leaving office, of which "a third take included lies about the election" – more than than any other bailiwick.[17]

During his political career, Donald Trump has employed what has been characterized as the propaganda technique of a firehose of falsehood.[18] To support his attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, he and his allies repeatedly and falsely claimed that in that location had been massive ballot fraud and that Trump was the true winner of the election.[7] [3] U.South. Senators Josh Hawley and Ted Cruz subsequently contested the ballot results in the Senate.[19] Their endeavor was characterized every bit "the large lie" by then President-elect Joe Biden: "I think the American public has a real skilful, articulate look at who they are. They're role of the big lie, the large lie."[20] Republican senators Mitt Romney and Pat Toomey, scholars of fascism Timothy Snyder and Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Russian diplomacy expert Fiona Loma, and others also used the term "big lie" to refer to Trump's fake claims about massive election fraud.[21] By May 2021, many Republicans had come to embrace the false narrative and use it as justification to impose new voting restrictions and attempt to accept control of the administrative management of elections.[22] Republicans who opposed the narrative faced backlash.[23]

Dominion Voting Systems, which provided voting machines to many jurisdictions in the 2020 election, is seeking $1.3 billion in damages from Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani. In the lawsuit, Dominion alleges that "he and his allies manufactured and disseminated the 'Big Prevarication', which foreseeably went viral and deceived millions of people into believing that Dominion had stolen their votes and stock-still the ballot."[24]

In early 2021, The New York Times examined Trump'south promotion of "the big lie" for political purposes to subvert the 2020 ballot, and concluded that the lie encouraged the 2021 attack on the U.Southward. Capitol.[iv] [25] The attack was cited in a resolution to impeach Trump for a second time.[26] During Trump's 2nd impeachment trial, the house managers Jamie Raskin, Joe Neguse, Joaquin Castro, Stacey Plaskett and Madeleine Dean all used the phrase "the large lie" repeatedly to refer to the notion that the ballot was stolen, with a full of 16 mentions in the initial presentation lonely. The phrase, leading upward to and including the ballot menstruation, formed the first section of the "provocation" part of the argument.[27] [28]

On October vii, the Senate Judiciary Committee released new testimony and a staff report, co-ordinate to which:[29]

we were only a one-half-pace away from a full blown ramble crisis as President Donald Trump and his loyalists threatened a wholesale takeover of the Department of Justice (DOJ). They also reveal how old Acting Civil Division Assistant Chaser Full general Jeffrey Clark became Trump'southward Big Lie Lawyer, pressuring his colleagues in DOJ to force an overturn of the 2020 election.[29]

Other uses by American conservatives

By early on 2021, Trump and several prominent Republicans tried to appropriate the term "the large lie", claiming that it refers to other electoral issues.[30] Trump stated that the term refers to the "Fraudulent Presidential Election of 2020".[31] An opinion piece in the typically conservative Wall Street Journal,[32] likewise as Republican politicians Mitch McConnell and Newt Gingrich, referred to "the large prevarication" as Democratic opposition to what were new and more restrictive voter identification requirements.[30] McConnell's office referred to a Democratic attempt to abolish the filibuster to enact voting rights legislation as "the left's Large Lie [that] at that place is some evil anti-voting conspiracy sweeping America".[33] Timothy Snyder observes:

The lie is so large that it reorders the world. And and so function of telling the big lie is that you lot immediately say it'southward the other side that tells the big lie. Sadly, simply it'south but a affair of record, all of that is in Mein Kampf.[34]

By January 2022, Republicans were taking actions to impose new voting restrictions and to take complete control of voting and the authoritative management of elections, all while a large majority of Republicans connected to believe that the 2020 ballot had been stolen from them and asserted that democracy was at risk of failing. Extensive press coverage indicated the Republican efforts themselves appeared to present a threat to democracy.[35]

Other uses

The Government of China has falsely called the Uyghur genocide (2014–present) a "large lie" perpetrated by hostile forces.[36] [37] [38]

Andrew Wilson of the European Council on Foreign Relations described the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine as "the State of war of the Big Lie. The Lie that Ukraine doesn't exist. The Lie that Ukraine has no correct to full sovereignty because it is a boob state of the West. The Prevarication that A invaded B because C is to arraign—the West, the expansion of NATO, the USA's global hegemony."[39]

Analysis

Psychologists, psychiatrists and others accept explained why the big lie technique works. Dr. Ramani Durvasula, a licensed clinical psychologist and professor of psychology who is an expert on narcissistic personality disorder and narcissistic corruption says that:

Repetition is important, because the Large Lie works through indoctrination. The Big Lie then becomes its own evidence base — if it is repeated plenty, people believe it, and the very repetition almost tautologically becomes the support for the Lie. ... Hear something plenty it becomes truth. People assume in that location is an evidence base when the lie is big (it's similar a blind spot). ... [People likewise fail to realize] that there are people in our midst that lack empathy, have no care for the mutual good, are grandiose, arrogant, and willing to exploit and manipulate people for solely their own egoistic needs. ... [Instead] a sort of halo issue imbues leaders with presumed expertise and power — when that is non at all the case (nigh if not all megalomaniacal leaders, despots, tyrants, oligarchs share narcissism/psychopathy as a trait).[twoscore]

The importance of repetition in the credence of the big lie is stressed by Miriam Bowers-Abbott, an acquaintance professor of logic at Mount Carmel College of Nursing, who states: "What'due south especially helpful is repetition in a variety of contexts. That is, not just the same words over and over — but integration of an idea in lots of ways. It builds its ain fiddling web of support." Such repetition can occur in the physical environment, according to Dr. Matt Blanchard, a clinical psychologist at New York University, who states: "Nothing sells the Big Prevarication like novelty t-shirts, hats and banners. These items are ordinarily associated with sports teams, not life-and-death political problems. Only Trump and his circle accept deftly used these items to generate the kind of unbridled loyalty Americans associate with pro football game. ... The banners and hats crucially add together an air of silliness to everything. If I can buy a novelty lid about it, can information technology really be so serious? ... It's a genius mindf**k."[forty]

Blanchard too notes that people assess information that has a straight impact on their lives differently than more abstruse data with less proximity to them. He states that "the deed of 'assertive' is not only i matter that humans do. Instead, this 1 word represents a wide range of relationships that humans have with information. We don't truly 'believe' things, so much as provisionally accept information nosotros find useful." Because of this, he states that "most people don't whole-heartedly 'believe' the Big Lie, but they are more than than happy to provisionally accept it because... why not? It might be entertaining. It might flatter your identity. Information technology might help you bond with other people in your customs. Or information technology might help you vent some rage. ... '[B]elief' is always predicated on usefulness."[40]

Psychiatrist Bandy X. Lee notes that emotional reasons lie below the acceptance of outrageous assertions such as the large prevarication, stating:

Ordinarily, they are trying to find condolement and to avert pain. ... This happens in states of lesser wellness, where one is less inclined to venture into new domains or to seek creative solutions. At that place is comfort in repetition, and and then a people or a nation nether duress will gravitate more toward what is repeated to them than what is realistic. Adolf Hitler understood this very well, which is why the American psychologist Walter Langer coined the phrase to describe his method.[forty]

Social media also plays a role in such emotional responses, co-ordinate to Bowers-Abbott, who states:

It was easier to dislodge untruths before social media. In social media, people tend to take public positions. When that position turns out to be wrong, it'southward embarrassing. And bankroll down is typically seen as weakness. So they double-down on untrue claims to save face and personal brownie. ... We are fashion too emotionally attached to being right. Information technology would be better for our civilization as a whole to value uncertainty and intellectual humility and curiosity. Those values help us ask questions without the expectation of permanent answers.[40]

Durvasula, Blanchard and Lee agree that it is unlikely that a believer in a big lie can be persuaded through the presentation of factual evidence. Durvasula argues that improvement in disquisitional thinking skills are necessary, stating: "It means catastrophe algorithms that merely provide confirmatory news and instead people seeing stories and information that provide other points of view ... creating prophylactic spaces to have these conversations ... encouraging ceremonious soapbox with those who hold different opinions, teaching people to notice common ground (east.thousand. love of family) fifty-fifty when belief systems are not aligned." Blanchard says that "[S]preaders of the Big Prevarication volition simply be discredited in the optics of their supporters if they face their greatest fear — accountability. ... They must be seen to lose at the ballot box, they must be arrested when they break the law, they must be sued for every defamation, they must be pursued with every legal tool available in an open up club. ... Above all else they must exist seen equally weak. Only then will their lies lose their usefulness for the millions who one time saw something to gain -- personally, psychologically, politically, financially -- in choosing to believe." Lee notes that it is important when attempting to disabuse someone of a big lie, it is important not to put them on the defensive: "Yous accept to gear up the underlying emotional vulnerability that led people to believing it in the first place. For populations, it is normally the pain of non having a place in the world, which socioeconomic inequality exacerbates. Deprivation of health care, teaching, an power to make a living, and other avenues for dignity tin can make a population psychologically vulnerable to those who await to exploit them."[40]

Run into also

References

  1. ^ "The Big Lie | Definition of The Large Prevarication by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also pregnant of The Large Lie". Lexico Dictionaries | English . Retrieved 17 Jan 2021.
  2. ^ "Definition of Big Lie". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b Higgins, Andrew (10 January 2021). "The Fine art of the Prevarication? The Bigger the Meliorate – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to exist deceived has go a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States". The New York Times . Retrieved 10 January 2021. Mr. Trump has outraged his political opponents and left fifty-fifty some of his longtime supporters shaking their heads at his mendacity. In embracing this large lie, withal, the president has taken a path that often works – at least in countries without robustly contained legal systems and news media along with other reality checks.
  4. ^ a b Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael Southward. (31 January 2021). "77 Days: Trump's Entrada to Subvert the Election – Hours after the Us voted, the president declared the election a fraud – a lie that unleashed a movement that would shatter democratic norms and upend the peaceful transfer of power". The New York Times . Retrieved i February 2021.
  5. ^ Hitler, Adolf (21 March 1939). Mein Kampf. Translated by Potato, James. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008 – via Project Gutenberg.
  6. ^ James, Edwin L. (11 Apr 1943). "Hitler'southward Biggest Lie; The Fuehrer's lies are legion and jumbo; his biggest is that Germany was not beaten in 1918. Hitler may be planning to utilize that lie once more. Any Hitler's purpose in taking up the lie of an undefeated Frg, the tape of the plummet is clear. Hitler's Biggest Lie". The New York Times . Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  7. ^ a b Bittner, Jochen (30 Nov 2020). "1918 Frg Has a Warning for America – Donald Trump's "Stop the Steal" campaign recalls 1 of the about disastrous political lies of the 20th century". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  8. ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War Two And the Holocaust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Printing. p. 211. ISBN9780674038592.
  9. ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2005). "The "Jewish War": Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry building". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. nineteen: 51–80. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci003.
  10. ^ Jacobson, Zachary Jonathan (21 May 2018). "Many are worried about the return of the 'Big Lie.' They're worried about the wrong matter". The Washington Post.
  11. ^ Goebbels, Joseph (12 January 1941). Die Zeit ohne Beispiel. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP. pp. 364–369. Das ist natürlich für die Betroffenen mehr als peinlich. Man soll im allgemeinen seine Führungsgeheimnisse nicht verraten, zumal homo nicht weiß, ob und wann human sie noch einmal gut gebrauchen kann. Das haupt-sächlichste englische Führungsgeheimnis ist nun nicht so sehr in einer besonders hervorstechenden Intelligenz als vielmehr in einer manchmal geradezu penetrant wirkenden dummdreisten Dickfelligkeit zu finden. Die Engländer gehen nach dem Prinzip vor, wenn du lügst, dann lüge gründlich, und vor allem bleibe bei dem, was du gelogen hast! Sie bleiben also bei ihren Schwindeleien, selbst auf dice Gefahr hin, sich damit lächerlich zu machen.
  12. ^ Bytwerk, Randall (2008). "Simulated Nazi Quotations". German Propaganda Annal . Retrieved 2 Apr 2021.
  13. ^ Hitler and Psychohistory Hans W. Gatzke, The American Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 2 (Apr., 1973), pp. 394–401.
  14. ^ Langer, Walter C. "A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler" (PDF). CIA.gov. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 28 Jan 2022.
  15. ^ "Assay of the Personality of Adolf Hitler" (PDF). p. 219. Archived from the original on 11 Jan 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2018 – via archive.org.
  16. ^ Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Fabricated 'historic' Certificate (Report). U.Southward. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act. 1964. Retrieved 22 Feb 2022.
  17. ^ Dale, Daniel (12 June 2021). "Trump is doing more lying nearly the election than talking about any other discipline". CNN. Archived from the original on xvi June 2021. Similar graphic in source attributed to Janie Boschma, CNN.
  18. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Brian Stelter (30 November 2020). "'Firehose of falsehood:' How Trump is trying to confuse the public nigh the election effect". CNN.
    • Maza, Carlos (31 August 2018). "Why obvious lies make peachy propaganda". Vox.
    • Zappone, Chris (12 October 2016). "Donald Trump campaign's 'firehose of falsehoods' has parallels with Russian propaganda". The Sydney Morning time Herald.
    • Harford, Tim (6 May 2021). "What magic teaches us near misinformation". Financial Times.
    • Clifton, Denise (3 August 2017). "Trump'due south nonstop lies may exist a far darker problem than many realize". Mother Jones.
    • "'Forenoon Joe' Rips Trump for 'Firehose of Falsehoods' and 'Nazi-Like Propaganda' on COVID". TheWrap. 17 Dec 2020.
  19. ^ Levine, Marianne; Otterbeing, Holly; Everett, Burgess (9 Jan 2021). "Ballot gambit blows upwards on Hawley and Cruz". Politico . Retrieved two April 2021.
  20. ^ Block, Melissa (xvi January 2021). "Can The Forces Unleashed By Trump's Big Ballot Lie Exist Undone?". NPR . Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  21. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (25 January 2021). "Opinion: Trump's big lie wouldn't take worked without his thousands of little lies". CNN . Retrieved 2 April 2021.
    • Snyder, Timothy (9 January 2021). "The American Completeness". The New York Times . Retrieved ii April 2021.
    • Stelter, Brian (eleven January 2021). "Experts warn that Trump'due south 'big lie' will outlast his presidency". CNN . Retrieved iii March 2021.
    • Castronuovo, Celine (8 January 2021). "Biden says Cruz, other Republicans responsible for 'large lie' that fueled Capitol mob". The Colina . Retrieved 10 Jan 2021.
  22. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Block, Melissa (23 Dec 2021). "The clear and present danger of Trump's indelible 'Large Lie'". National Public Radio. Retrieved 23 Dec 2021.
    • Corasaniti, Nick (24 March 2021). "Republicans Aim to Seize More Power Over How Elections Are Run". The New York Times.
    • Tim Reid; Nathan Layne; Jason Lange. "Special Report: Backers of Trump's false fraud claims seek to control next elections". September 22, 2021. Reuters.
    • Epstein, Reid J. (9 November 2021). "Wisconsin Republicans Push to Have Over the State's Elections". The New York Times.
    • Amy Gardner; Tom Hamburger; Josh Dawsey (29 Nov 2021). "Trump allies work to place supporters in central election posts across the country, spurring fears well-nigh hereafter vote challenges". The Washington Post.
    • Collinson, Stephen (16 September 2021). "Trump's Big Lie is changing the face of American politics". CNN.
    • Graziosi, Graig (21 December 2021). "'Evil takes no breaks': Warnings as Steve Bannon vows to take over America's entire 'ballot apparatus'". The Contained.
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  24. ^ Wolfe, Jan; Heavey, Susan (25 Jan 2021). "Trump lawyer Giuliani faces $1.iii billion lawsuit over 'big lie' election fraud claims". Reuters . Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  25. ^ Rosenberg, Matthew; Rutenberg, Jim (one Feb 2021). "Central Takeaways From Trump's Effort to Overturn the Election – A Times examination of the 77 days between ballot and inauguration shows how a lie the sometime president had been grooming for years overwhelmed the Republican Party and stoked the assault on the Capitol". The New York Times . Retrieved ane February 2021.
  26. ^ Naylor, Brian (11 Jan 2021). "Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' Of Capitol Insurrection". NPR. Archived from the original on xi January 2021. Retrieved xi January 2021.
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  28. ^ Thrush, Glenn (x Feb 2021). "Prosecutors describe Trump's 'Large Lie' of a stolen election". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 February 2021.
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  34. ^ Block, Melissa (23 December 2021). "The clear and present danger of Trump's enduring 'Big Lie'". National Public Radio. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  35. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Corasaniti, Nick (24 March 2021). "Republicans Aim to Seize More than Power Over How Elections Are Run". The New York Times.
    • "GOP lawmakers seek greater control over local elections". Associated Press. 20 April 2021.
    • Reid, Tim; Layne, Nathan; Lange, Jason (22 September 2021). "Special Report: Backers of Trump'south false fraud claims seek to control next elections". Reuters.
    • Epstein, Reid J. (nineteen November 2021). "Wisconsin Republicans Push button to Accept Over the State's Elections". The New York Times.
    • Amy Gardner; Tom Hamburger; Josh Dawsey (29 November 2021). "Trump allies work to place supporters in key election posts beyond the land, spurring fears about future vote challenges". The Washington Post.
    • Jennifer Medina; Nick Corasaniti; Reid J. Epstein (thirty January 2022). "Campaigning to Oversee Elections, While Denying the Last One". The New York Times.
    • "'Boring-motion insurrection': How GOP seizes election power". Associated Press. 29 December 2021.
    • "six in 10 Americans say U.Southward. democracy is in crisis as the 'Big Lie' takes root". NPR. 3 Jan 2022.
    • "Here's where election-denying candidates are running to command voting". NPR. 4 January 2022.
    • "In Bid for Control of Elections, Trump Loyalists Face Few Obstacles". New York Times. 15 December 2021.
    • "Pro-Trump Republicans try to rewrite state election laws as a voting rights showdown looms in Congress". CNN. 9 January 2022.
    • "More a yr later on Donald Trump'south loss, Wisconsin Republicans wage relentless attacks on the state's election commission". CNN. 20 November 2021.
    • "Trump'south Big Lie is changing the confront of American politics". CNN. 16 September 2021.
    • "Trump loyalists form alliance in bid to accept over ballot process in primal states". The Guardian. 13 January 2022.
  36. ^ Pheby, James (23 April 2021). "UK MPs say Red china's Uyghurs 'suffering crimes against humanity and genocide,' as Beijing claims accusations are 'big lie'". hongkongfp.com. Hong Kong Free Press. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 28 Jan 2022.
  37. ^ Inskeep, Steve (28 Jan 2022). "China's administrator to the U.S. warns of 'military machine conflict' over Taiwan". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  38. ^ "U.S. raps China's Uyghur abuse as "genocide" in human rights report". english language.kyodonews.internet. Kyodo News. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 28 Jan 2022.
  39. ^ Wilson, Andrew (11 March 2022). "To win the war of the Big Lie, nosotros must cancel Vladimir Putin | View". euronews . Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  40. ^ a b c d e f Rozsa, Matthew (February 3, 2021) "The psychological reason that so many autumn for the 'Large Lie'" Salon. Retrieved Feb xi, 2022.

Further reading

  • Baker White, John (1955). The Big Prevarication. London: Evans Brothers. OCLC 874233110.

External links

  • "Analysis of Nazi Propaganda" by Karthik Narayanaswami (Harvard Academy)
  • "The Large Lie and Its Consequences" (Project Syndicate; 17 May 2021)

williamsonewarthill1973.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie

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